Insulin is a secreted peptide hormone that elicitsmetabolic effectssuch as increasesin glucose uptake and glycogen synthesisleading to a decrease in blood glucose concentration. Insulin isfirst formed as a precursormolecule, preproinsulin, which islatercleaved to proinsulin and finallyto the mature Insulin hormone.Mature Insulin consists of 51 amino acids,containedwithin an A chain and a B chain that are connected by 2 disulfide bridges. It increases cell permeabilityto monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. Insulin is secreted bythe pancreas at basal levelsin the absence of exogenousstimuli, with secretion increasing in response to glucose. Insulin action is effected by the binding of Insulin to cell-surface receptors on the targetcell membrane. Defects of Insulin are the cause of hyperproinsulinemia and of type-II diabetes mellitus.

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Human Proinsulin

P01308

96T

2980.00

Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a Lipocalin superfamily molecule that transports vitamin A (retinol) and retinaldehyde in the serum. Retinaldehyde is the critical chromophore in the rhodopsin photoreceptor, while both it and retinoic acid regulate a multitude of cellular differentiation and proliferation effects through the intracellular receptors RAR and RXR. RBP4 is secreted primarily by hepatocytes and adipocytes into the blood where the RBP4-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin (TTR). Formation of the complex with TTR increases the serum half-life of RBP4 by preventing RBP4 filtration through the kidney. The C-terminally processed forms of RBP4, which do not bind TTR, are normally excreted into the urine but accumulate in the serum during renal failure. RBP4 promotes hyperglycemia, and its upregulation in visceral and liver adipocytes leads to elevated serum levels.

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Human RBP4

P02753

96T

2980.00

Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. It belongs to a large family of cytokines called the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily. TGF-beta 3 is believed to regulate molecules involved in cellular adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation during the process of palate development. Without TGF-beta 3, mammals develop a deformity known as acleft palate. This is caused by failure of epithelial cells in both sides of the developing palate to fuse. TGF-beta 3 also plays an essential role in controlling the development of lungs in mammals, by also regulating cell adhesion and ECM formation in this tissue, and controls wound healing by regulating the movements of epidermal and dermal cells in injured skin. TGF-beta 3 activated Lef1 in the absence of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) via nuclear phospho-Smad2 and Smad4.

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Human TGF beta 3

P10600

96T

2980.00

The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) is also called erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA). The X-linked gene for human TIMP1 is expressed in some but not all inactive X-containing somatic-cell hybrids, suggesting that this gene is either prone to reactivation or variable in its inactivation. Purified EPA specifically stimulates human and murine cells of the erythroid lineage, unlike murine interleukin-3 (IL-3) which stimulates precursor cells from all haematopoietic lineages. TIMP1 is thought to play a regulatory role in connective tissues by forming inactive complexes with those metalloproteinases that are normally responsible for connective tissue turnover. The human gene encoding TIMP has been mapped to the X chromosome in the region Xp11.1-p11.4.

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Human TIMP1

P01033

96T

2980.00

TIMP2 gen is encoded by 5 exons spanning 83 kb of genomic DNA. TIMP2 is 83 kilobase pairs (kb) long with exon-intron splicing sites located in preserved positions among the three members of the TIMP family. The gene for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 is localized on human chromosome arm 17q25. TIMP-2 abrogates angiogenic factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo independent of MMP inhibition.

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Human TIMP2

P16035

96T

2980.00

Tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta), previously called lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA), is a cytokine produced by lymphocytes. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta share 35% identity and 50% homology in the amino acid sequence. The substance LTA mediates a wide variety of inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral responses. LTA is associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction, asthma and other diseases. The LTA gene is located on human chromosome 6.

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Human TNF beta

P01374

96T

2980.00

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, also called TSLP is a protein belonging to the cytokine family. This gene is mapped to 5q22.1. It encodes a hemopoietic cytokine proposed to signal through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor and the IL-7R alpha chain. It mainly impacts myeloid cells and induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and enhances the maturation of CD11c (+) dendritic cells. The protein promotes T helper type 2 (TH2) cell responses that are associated with immunity in various inflammatory diseases, including asthma, allergic inflammation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The protein is therefore considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of such diseases.

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Human TSLP

Q969D9

96T

2980.00

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in mouse is encoded by the CCL4 gene. It is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors. It is a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and a variety of other immune cells. CCL4 is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T cells. Performing-low memory CD8+ T cells that normally synthesize MIP-1-beta. By analysis of somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization, the CCL4 gene was assigned to 17q21-q23. Based on functional analysis of MIP-1β, one or more additional β chemokine receptors that transduce MIP-1β signals must also exist. MIP-1α and MIP-1β have been shown to lack affinity for the erythrocyte surface chemokine receptor/Duffy antigen that binds many α as well as β chemokines.

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Mouse CCL4

P14097

96T

2980.00